The Holocaust 86 Years Later - 1534 Words

THE HOLOCAUST: 70 YEARS LATER Sacrifice by fire. The Greek definition of the word Holocaust still serves as a haunting reminder of the tragic campaign waged by the Nazis during World War II, and their â€Å"systematic, state-sponsored persecution and murder† of six million Jews and others who didn’t fit the specific vision or â€Å"perfect race.† Adolf Hitler, the known anti-Semitic Nazi leader, viewed the Jews as an inferior race and threat to what he viewed as racial purity. Under the guise of the war, Hitler’s solution revolved around mass killing centers constructed within the concentration camps of occupied Poland. One man’s orchestrated views and beliefs became a living nightmare for millions. According to author Doris L. Bergen, â€Å"approximately 95 percent of the Jews killed between 1939 and 1945 lived outside Germany’s prewar borders. The Nazis used the war as a cover and excuse for the acts of murder. In the minds of Hitler and his associates, the only thing that could save Germany from collapse was the total removal of Jews and Jewish influence. Prior to the Jews, the first large-scale killings under the â€Å"Euthanasia Program† targeted the mentally and physically disabled. And during the attacks of Jews, European Gypsies, Jehovah’s Witnesses, homosexuals, Communists, Socialists, Afro-Germans, poles, Christian church leaders and many more unwanted people were attacked and persecuted. ORIGINS Doris L. Bergen writes that â€Å"antipathy toward Jews in Europe dated back much furtherShow MoreRelatedNight And Dawn : The End And The Beginning Of A Day1667 Words   |  7 PagesNight and Dawn. The end and the beginning of a day. Elie Wiesel, Holocaust survivor, noted author and recipient of the Noble Peace Prize, writes of both the darkness of the Holocaust and of the dawn of its ending. While Night is Wiesel’s autobiographical tale of his experiences during the Holocaust, both in his hometown and in the concentration camps, Dawn is a fictional tale of Elisha, an eighteen-year-old Holocaust survivor, who has joined the Jewish Resistance movement in Palestine. Both are storiesRead MoreMaus1385 Words   |  6 PagesAnalysis of Maus I and II by Art Spiegelman Maus, by Art Spiegelman, shows the trials and tribulations that the main character, Vladek, and his companions suffered during the Holocaust. No matter the situation, Vladek rises up to the challenge, and does the only thing he can do: live. For the Jewish people during that time surviving was a challenge and for those that actually survived was pure luck. Throughout Maus we find this survival in the portrayal of Vladek Spiegelman; father of the authorRead MorePerseverance Analysis. Many People Suffer Problemsin The1228 Words   |  5 Pageswriting about characters, whether they are survivors of the Holocaust, a prisoner of war, or family, that have to suffer obstacles that can potentially kill them if they don’t overcome it. Even though each author has a different way to show perseverance, they all agree on what perseverance can do. Persevering through unfortunate situations allows people to survive them. Elie Wiesel writes in his point of view of surviving the Holocaust, including Auschwitz, a death camp. Elie was working in aRead MoreAnne Frank: The Diary of a Young Girl Essays1608 Words   |  7 Pages As an ordinary Jewish girl who was one of the most discussed Jewish victims of the Holocaust, Anne Frank was an incredibly memorable girl due to the publication of her diary. Anne Frank was a liberal Jew; as for she did not follow all the traditions of Judaism. On the fourteenth of August 1944, a group of German uniformed police arrested the Frank family and was sent into The House of Detention, transitioned into the Westerbork Transit Camp and then to the Auschwitz concentration camp. In JulyRead MoreDifferent Out Of Twelve Million1715 Words   |  7 Pagesxxiii). While she was in the attic, she wrote her diary, which would eventually become a famous historical document. She recorded her grumblings about her attic mates’ behaviors and her feelings about herself and the Van Pelses’ boy. Through the two year period she was in the attic, she wrote surprisingly philosophical observations of the world, and she also learned a vast amount of information about herself. A fter her death, her father published the diary, and â€Å"Anne Frank† quickly became a name thatRead MoreI See The Ever Approaching Thunder, By Anne Frank1710 Words   |  7 Pagesxxiii). While she was in the attic, she wrote her diary, which would eventually become a famous historical document. She recorded her grumblings about her attic mates’ behaviors and her feelings about herself and the Van Pelses’ boy. Through the two year period she was in the attic, she wrote surprisingly philosophical observations of the world, and she also learned a vast amount of information about herself. After her death, her father published the diary, and â€Å"Anne Frank† quickly became a name thatRead MoreThe Rwanda Genocide808 Words   |  3 Pagesformed the Rwandese Patriotic Front, or the RPF as it came to be know (The Rwandan Genocide). With the majority of the Tutsi now living in forced exile in neighboring Uganda, they began to plan a way to take back their p ower in Rwanda. For many years there was constant civil war between the two tribes through guerilla warfare and general massacres. It was the death of President Habyarimana on April 6, 1994 that lead to the genocide in Rwanda. A missile shot down the plane that was carrying theRead MoreThe Boom of Persuasive Totalitarianism in Europes Damaged Nations1747 Words   |  7 Pageslived in abysmal poverty and under ineffectual leadership. Opportunely, three European forces began to offer attractive solutions to the ineffective political systems. Lenin led Russia to become the world’s first Marxist and Communist state, which was later directed by Stalin; Mussolini introduced Fascism to the Italian society; and Hitler eventually became the German chancellor and leader of Nazism. Although different in their economic systems and other factors, all three forces agreed on reallocatingRead MorePublic Discourse Surrounding An Event Like The Holocaust1781 Words   |  8 PagesIn public discourse surround ing an event like the Holocaust, it is not uncommon for one to want to summarize the event in some abstract concept, be it positive or negative. This type of thinking is especially prevalent in the conclusions drawn by those reading literary works relating to the Holocaust, in which the stories are so entrenched with stereotypes of suffering and the equivocal life-lessons that they lead to a rather shallow understanding of an emotive and difficult subject. This is notRead MoreA Day For The Pursuit Of Peace2842 Words   |  12 Pagestransported to the deleterious Auschwitz concentration camp, she told her sister in an unfacetious voice, â€Å"We have to tell the people† . . . The answer from Beril Sinnreich is that â€Å"‘it shouldn’t happen again’†, and this is a vehement ideal that many Holocaust survivors share (Shaver)1.Elie Wiesel, author of Night, also shares this ambition and has an immense passion for the pursuit of peace. September 30th, 1928 was a happy day for Shlomo and Sarah Wiesel, for it was the day that their newborn son

Violence in the Catcher in the Rye Essay - 908 Words

Violence in the Catcher in the Rye nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; Often, simple physical conflicts are used to develop characters and to increase the suspense and action between them. In J.D. Salingers The Catcher in the Rye, Holden Caulfield the 16-year-old narrator and protagonist claims to be a pacifist. Holden views the world as an evil and corrupt place where there is no peace. As a sincere person living amongst phonies, he views others as completely immoral and unscrupulous. In the novel violence is used to further develop Holdens character. This is shown through his physical conflict with Stradlater, his conflict with Maurice, and the suicide of James Castle. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; In his conflict with Stradlater,†¦show more content†¦He was unscrupulous.;(Salinger 40) Holden acknowledges Janes purity and wishes not to have to think otherwise with Stradlater. Holden feels the responsibility to defend the pure and the innocent. Besides his conflict with Stradlater, he is also involved in a physical battle with Maurice. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; Holdens conflict with Maurice demonstrates his sincerity and his hatred in the evilness of the phony. Primarily, Holden is vigorously pushed to protect himself from Maurice. Holden arranges to spend time with Sunny a prostitute, and later is forced to pay double the agreed amount by Maurice, the hotel elevator operator. Maurice demands, Want your parents to know you spent the night with a whore? High-class kid like you? He was pretty sharp, in his crumby way. He really was. Leave me alone. If youd said ten, itd be different. But you distinctly.;(Salinger 102) Holden is struggling to secure himself, by attempting to end the fight. Secondly, the evilness of the phony is shown during his conflict with Maurice. Holden cries, All of a sudden I started to cry. Id give anything if I hadnt, but I did. No, youre no crooks, I said. Youre just steeling five Shut up, old Maurice said and gave me a shove.;(Salinger 103) The evil scenery causes Holden to, uncontrollably b reak down in tears. Holdens hatred of the phony is grown, as well as the protecting of the innocence. In addition to his physical conflicts withShow MoreRelatedThe Catcher Of The Rye By William Shakespeare And Mark Twain1732 Words   |  7 PagesFree†). Many people feel that J.D. Salinger’s novel The Catcher In The Rye is dangerous because it contains vulgarity, violence, and sexual content (Chandler). Although The Catcher in the Rye was put on the banned book list shortly after its first publication in 1951, it is a fascinating and enlightening classic that everyone should have the opportunity to read. Holden Caulfield, the main character and narrator of The Catcher in the Rye, is a teenager growing up in the 1950’s in New YorkRead More The Reason Behind the Censorship of Salingers Catcher In The Rye853 Words   |  4 PagesThe Reason Behind the Censorship of Salingers Catcher In The Rye Many charges have been made against J.D Salingers The Catcher in the Rye in attempts to censor the book. Most of these charges are used as a smoke-screen for the real reason this book is considered dangerous. There have been several attempts to have Salingers novel removed from High School libraries and reading lists. The most notable instances are: 1978 -- it was removed from an optional reading list at a High SchoolRead MoreThe Importance of Censoring in The Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger1145 Words   |  5 PagesAmerican author well known for his best seller The Catcher in the Rye, a considerably influential novel that portrayed the feelings of alienation that were experienced by adolescents in North America after World War II (J.D. Salinger Biography). Salinger’s work appeared in many magazines, including a series of short stories which inspired many new authors (J.D. Salinger Biography). His inspiration for Pencey Prep boarding school in The Catcher in the Rye stemmed from his own difficult education at aRead More Catcher and the Rye and Siddhartha Essay980 Words   |  4 Pages The novels Siddhartha by Herman Hesse and The Catcher in the Rye by J. D. Salinger show many similarities. One of the major themes in both novels consists of the main characters finding their self and journey through life. Their simil ar experiences consist of the relationships they go through, as well as the different people they meet in life and their personal views on society, which let the audience distinguish the affect on similar situations. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Siddhartha’s dreamRead MoreCatcher In The Rye Title Essay1421 Words   |  6 PagesThe title of the novel, â€Å"The Catcher in the Rye†, plays a significant role throughout the book as it has a substantial connection to Holden’s story. This title greatly allows for the main character, Holden Caulfield, to express his feelings towards life and towards human nature. Holden can see that the world he now lives in as it is becoming filled with corrupted people and minds. He believes the children are ruined by the ribald behavior of the older generations around them and as he shows the readerRead MoreThe Characterization Of Bildungsroman In The Catcher In The Rye1400 Words   |  6 PagesDevice). In The Catcher In The Rye, the author creates a successful bildungsroman through the characterization of the novels protagonist, Holden Caulfield. Throughout the novel, Holden uses a jarred voice filled with cynicism and the overall tone is clearly depressing. The conflict between Holden and the values of society(Bildungsroman: A Literary Device) is quite clear as he believes that the world of an adult is filled with pain and disappointment. In The Catcher In The Rye, the methods of characterizationRead MoreLiterary Assignments : How Do Memory, Symbol, And Pattern Affect The Reading Of Literature?2052 Words   |  9 Pagescomprehending the piece of literature. Symbols reveal to you what text can t and guide you to a more complex and complete understanding of the underlying point the author is trying to make. Understanding of symbols and patterns within the novel catcher in the rye allowed me to better grasp the point that the author, J. D. Salinger, was trying to get across to me. It is unlikely that I would have been able to grasp the message without the understanding of patterns and symbols and would likely have brushedRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd )1095 Words   |  5 PagesPTSD in Catcher in the Rye Post Traumatic Stress Disorder is most commonly thought of as an illness men and women acquire from experiences while serving in the wars. Some do not even know what it is or how much it affects people s lives. In the novel, The Catcher in the Rye, J.D. Salinger helps to convey what Post Traumatic Stress Disorder really is. PTSD is a curable condition triggered by a traumatic event with many types, causes, and symptoms displayed by Holden Caulfield. All of the peopleRead MoreLiterary Analysis Of The Catcher In The Rye1408 Words   |  6 PagesLiterary Analysis of The Catcher in the Rye Holden’s story takes place in the 1950s. Because of this, it is necessary that the reader reads the story from multiple points of views. As Foster puts it, â€Å"don’t read with your eyes† (Foster 228) meaning that it is sometimes necessary to read from a perspective that will let you relate to and sympathize with the characters. The time period is shown many times such as when Holden goes dancing and asks a girl if she feels like â€Å"jitterbugging a little bit†Read MoreAnalysis Of The Novel The Catcher In The Rye1230 Words   |  5 PagesThe Catcher All the suffering, stress, and addiction comes from not realizing you already are what you are looking for. --Jon Kabat-Zinn By looking these hopeless people in San Francisco, that reminds me the horrible things that happened in front of me at that summer in New York. Some of the hospitalized people killed themselves in front of everyone at the Central Park. Those people all had the mental illness which suffered from the great depression, so they had the ideas to commit suicide just

The Limitations of Exclusion Clauses Free-Samples for Students

Questions: 1.What is an Exclusion clause? 2.What does by notice mean?3.What are the two rules for Incorporation of an Exclusion clause by notice?4.Determine whether the Contract term is reasonable. 5.Is the Exclusion clause in our case applicable? Answers: 1.An exclusion clause can be stated as such a term in the contract, which has the power of restricting the liability of an individual. In order for an exclusion clause to be legally binding, it has to be properly incorporated into the contract. It has to be brought to the notice of the parties or be signed by the parties. In addition to this, an exclusion clause cannot reduce, extinguish or limit the applicability of a statute or a common law, and it can also not oppose such legislative frameworks. If such is present, the exclusion clause is automatically invalid. In case an exclusion clause is discovered to be such which is incorporated into the contract, after a contract has been made, the same cannot be binding and is deemed as not valid (Abbott, Pendlebury and Wardman, 2007). This was famously established in two legal scenarios, of Thornton v Shoe Lane Parking Ltd (1971) 2 WLR 585, along with in the matter of Olley v Marlborough Court Ltd (1949) 1 KB 532. The verdict of both these case held the exclusion clause as having no legal backing. In the first case, the exclusion clause was stated at the back side of the ticket, which Thornton could not see. And in the second case, the exclusion clause was created after the main contract had already been established and so, it was held as not valid (Mulcahy, 2008). For an exclusion clause to be lawful, the same has to be brought to the attention of the party against whom the same is inserted in the contract. In the legal scenario of Chapelton v Barry UDC (1940) 1 KB 532, as the ticket contained at the backside of it an exclusion clause, which was not brought to the attention of Chapelton when he was given the ticket, due to the absence of proper or reasonable notice, the exclusion clause could not be held as binding. The crux of another, i.e., of Thompson v London Midland Scottish Railway (1930) 1 KB 41, was that the exclusion clause cannot be referred at some other place and had to be contained in the contract (Roach, 2016). In cases, where an exclusion contract is contained in the contract itself, the same would be binding. And this lawful binding nature of such an exclusion clause would be upheld even if the same has not been read by the other party, as was provided in the legal scenario of L'Estrange v Graucob [1934] 2 KB 394. Here, the written contract had been signed by parties, though the same had not been read (Swarb, 2017a). However, when a representation is made regarding the terms contained in the exclusion clause, being misleading in nature, the rule given in is not upheld, as was highlighted in the case of Curtis v Chemical Cleaning and Dyeing Co [1951] 1 KB 805 (E-Law Resources, 2017a). The Unfair Contract Terms Act, 1977, through its various sections contains the provision regarding exclusion clause. Section 3 of this act provides that the liability of the violating individual has to be written as standard terms of the business. As per this section, the exclusion clause is not valid till the time it can fulfill the need of it being reasonable (Legislation, 2017). Section 11 of this act provides the provisions pertaining to the reasonableness of the exclusion clause. This section presents that the term would have met this obligations, when the same had been reasonable and fair point to have been included in the contract based on the prevalent conditions, which were either known or should have been known to the arty to the contract, when the same was formed. Hence, both of the points of reasonableness and fairness has to be established at the time of formulation of contract and cannot be mere demonstration of knowledge of the events occurring in reality. The reasonableness can be further determined through Section 2 of this act, which contains the guidelines for the reasonableness of the contract. So, the reasonableness and proper incorporation of the exclusion clause are its limitations (Legislation, 2017). In this case, the exclusion clause was not incorporated in the contract. Further, it was not brought to the attention of the parties and was stated at some other place. A reasonable individual would not have known the existence of such an exclusion clause, unless the same was brought to his notice. Hence, due to lack of proper incorporation and reasonableness, the exclusion clause in this case is invalid (Marson and Ferris, 2015). 2.Negligence is defined as being a breach of duty of care, which was owed by an individual to another and the result of which is in the form of injury, loss or harm to such other person. In short, it is the failure of the obligation on part of the individual who owed a duty of care to another (Latimer, 2012). For making a case of negligence, it has to be shown that the loss was foreseeable and a direct causation between the injuries received to the other party and the breach of duty of care. Once a case of negligence is proven, the injured party can apply for damages given as monetary compensation (Harvey and Marston, 2009). For establishing a case under negligence, the first element which needs to be present is the duty of care (Legal Services Commission, 2016). A threefold test was given by the Court of Appeal in the matter brought towards it under Caparo Industries plc v Dickman [1990] 2 AC 605, 618. As per this test, there needs to be a reasonable foreseeability, there has to be proximity amid the two parties, and lastly, there has to be a fairness, justness and reasonableness in the imposed liability (Lunney and Oliphant, 2013). Due to the damages not being foreseeable, in Bolton v. Stone [1951] AC 850, [1951] 1 All ER 1078, Stone was not negligent and no damages were awarded to the plaintiff (Swarb, 2016a). Another landmark case in this regard is the case of Donoghue v Stevenson [1932] UKHL 100. In this case, the manufacturer was held negligent for failing in ensuring that the ginger beer bottle was safe for consumption, as a dead snail was found in such bottle, which made the plaintiff sick (Briti sh and Irish Legal Information Institute, 2017). The next step deals with showing that a breach of this duty occurred. In a leading matter of Paris v Stepney Borough Council [1951] AC 367, the court provided that the Council failed in their duty of care, by not providing Paris with the required protective gear and which resulted in his good eye being blinded (Martin and Lancer, 2013). In Vaughan v Menlove (1837) 132 ER 490 (CP), as the defendant did not consider the warnings regarding a possibility of fire owing to improper ventilation, he was held in negligence (Commonwealth Legal Information Institute, 2017). The final step is to show that there is a direct causation between the undertaken negligence and the injury. If the damages are too remote, a case of negligence would not hold. In the Wagon Mount case or the Overseas Tankship (UK) Ltd v Morts Dock and Engineering Co Ltd [1961] UKPC 2, due to the remoteness of damages, the damages were not awarded for the negligence which took place (H2O, 2016). The elements of breach of duty include likelihood of loss, as established in Bolton v Stone, the seriousness of loss, established through the Wagon Mound case, the costs of prevention, which was established in the case of Latimer v AEC [1953] AC 643 and the utility of the conduct of the defendant as held in Watt v Hertfordshire [1954] 1 WLR 835. In Latimer v AEC, the defendant had taken reasonable precautions and hence, there was no breach of duty. In Watt v Hertfordshire, the emergency nature of the situation and the conduct of defendant which required saving of lives more important than taking the precautions, held that no breach of duty could be present (Oughton and Harvey, 2015). Some of the defenses which can be used in cases of negligence include the eggshell skull rule and contributory negligence. The first one relates to the frailty of the party injured. And the other one relates to the breach of duty by the aggrieved party themselves, which they owed to themselves (Rush and Ottley, 2006). The test for damages includes the but for test, Barnett v Chelsea Kensington Hospital [1969] 1 QB 428, whereby it is compared whether such loss would have occurred if the act of defendant had not taken place. If such would still have happened, the defendant is not liable. The foreseeability of damages is another test for damages, as held in Wagon Mound and Vaughan v Menlove case. Another test is the substantial factor test as per which if a number of causes could have resulted in harm, than any such cause would be held as a substantial factor for the liability (Strong and Williams, 2011). 3.In this case, Jess was the preparer of the drink, who had to ensure that while preparing the drink, she was careful. She had to make certain that she did not make any mistake. A mistake, like the one she made, would have resulted in loss. So, the three fold test is satisfied here, due to the presence of foreseeability of an injury being caused if the wrong ingredients were mixed. There was proximity between Jess and Bill and, if a penalty is imposed on Jess, it would be fair and just for the injury caused to Bill. To establish the breach, the but for test can be applied. The injury which was caused to Bill would not have occurred in absence of mistake undertaken by Jess. Jess failed to take the taken reasonable precautions and her conduct could not justify her actions. Hence, based on the tests mentioned in previous segment, there was a breach of duty by Jess. For establishing the cause of damages due to breach of duty on Jesss part, the but for test is again applicable. This is coupled with the foreseeability of a damage resulting from the undertaken negligence. And lastly, this was amongst one of the factors which could have triggered the high blood pressure of Bill. Due to the presence of all the requisite factors of negligence under this case, Bill can sue Jess for damages in form of monetary compensation, as a result of him being sick, due to her breach of duty of care. 4.A liability arising out of the agency law, which is a strict liability, is held under the doctrine of vicarious liability. Under this, the employer is held responsible for the work done by its employees, to a third party. This principle is drawn from the agency law which holds a principle liable for the acts of their agent to a third party. In order to establish vicarious liability, there needs to be presence of three elements, i.e., the relationship of an employer-employee, the occurrence of negligence, and in the course of employment. The rationale behind this is that the third party is unaware about the authority of the employee and so, the employer has to be liable for the work done on his behalf (Giliker, 2010). In order to establish the employer-employee relationship, certain tests can be applied. The first one is the control test as held in the case of Zuijs v Wirth Brothers Pty Ltd [1955] HCA 73. As per this test, the exercise of control determines this relationship, instead of an actual control (Australasian Legal Information Institute, 2017). A part and parcel test was given in the case of Stevenson, Jordan Harrison Ltd v MacDonald Evans [1952] 1 TLR 101. The different between a contractor and employee was held to be the difference between contract of service and a contract of services. In the former, the individuals are employed under a contract; and in the latter, the individuals are employed under a contract of services. In the first, it can be stated that something has to be done and in a particular manner, and in the latter, it is stated what is to be done (Swarb, 2017b). Another test in this regard was given in Stevens v Brodribb Sawmilling Co Pty Ltd [1986] HCA 1, which is the multiple indicia test, and which was later affirmed in Hollis v Vabu Pty Limited (2001) 207 CLR 21. As per this test, the relationship had to be seen in totality to establish the presence of employer-employee relationship (Find Law, 2017). A mixed test was established in Lee Ting Sang v Chung Chi-Keung [1990] UKPC 9. As per this, the use of own tool or taking business risk, along with such factors had to be regarded in light of economic reality to differentiate between the two (Swarb, 2016b). Wearing uniform is a sign of presence of this relationship, as was held in Humberstone v Northern Timber Mills (1949) 79 CLR 389 (Swarb, 2016c). In order for Bill to hold Thomas and Zhang Wei responsible, for the negligence of the Jess while making the coffee at Artillery, there is a need to adopt the principle of vicarious liability. But to show that, the employer-employee relationship, has to be established. The monthly salary given to Jess, payment of taxes, along with wearing of uniform shows an employer- employee relationship. However, the lack of holidays or sick days and health care makes her an independent contractor. The employer-employee relationship is further supported by use of equipment and recipes of Artillery and hence, Jess was an employee of Artillery. Due to presence of employer-employee relationship, negligence and occurrence during work, Bill can sue Thomas and Zhang Wei for vicarious liability 5.Remedies are the relief awarded by the court to the party whose side is successfully established. And they are not punishing in nature, they are just meant to put the individual as he was before the negligence occurred (Latimer, 2012). In other words, when a case of negligence takes place, the injured party is awarded certain damages, to put the individual in such a place, as they would have been, in case the negligence had not taken place, as was held by the House of Lords, in Addis v Gramophone [1909] AC 488 (E-Law Resources, 2017b). Parke B in Robinson v Harman (1848) 1 Ex Rep 850 held that breach damages have to be awarded in such a form that the victim is able to compensate the losses incurred by them (Swarb, 2015). There are two forms of remedies which can be awarded for negligence, the first is damages and the second is injunctions. The damages can be further subdivided into two parts, the one for direct loss and the other for the indirect one (Statsky, 2010). The direct loss relates to the monetary compensation as was held in Donoghue v Stevenson. And indirect losses relate to the damages for mental distress, as were awarded in the case of Baltic Shipping v Dillon High Court of Australia (1993) 176 CLR 344 (Holmes, 2017). The injunctions held in stopping an individual from undertaking negligence. These can be prohibitory mandatory or interim injunction. The House of Lords in case of Morris v Redland Bricks Ltd [1970] AC 652 held that a mandatory injunction could not be granted till the time there was a strong possibility that a serious damage would be caused to claimant if the same is not given (Swarb, 2017c). In American Cyanamid v Ethicon [1975] AC 396, 408, it was held that for interim injunction, the merits of the case are not investigated unless a serious question is to be contended in the court based on the balance of convenience (Ramlugon, 2014). In this case, Bill can claim for the direct damages, in form of monetary compensation. The indirect damages could also be claimed upon by Bill, he lost his wallet and insurance card, which caused him mental distress. An injunction order can also be made by Bill against Jess, to ensure that she does not work again in such a negligent manner. References Abbott, K., Pendlebury, N., and Wardman, K. (2007) Business Law. 8th ed. London: Thomson. Australasian Legal Information Institute. (2017) Zuijs v Wirth Brothers Pty Ltd [1955] HCA 73; (1955) 93 CLR 561 (15 December 1955). [Online] Australasian Legal Information Institute. Available from: https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/cases/cth/high_ct/93clr561.html [Accessed on: 02/05/17] British and Irish Legal Information Institute. (2017). Donoghue v Stevenson [1932] UKHL 100 (26 May 1932). [Online] British and Irish Legal Information Institute. Available from: https://www.bailii.org/uk/cases/UKHL/1932/100.html [Accessed on: 02/05/17] Commonwealth Legal Information Institute. (2017). Vaughan v Menlove. [Online] Commonwealth Legal Information Institute. Available from: https://www.commonlii.org/uk/cases/EngR/1837/424.pdf [Accessed on: 02/05/17] E-Law Resources. (2017a) Chapelton v Barry UDC [1940] 1 KB 532. [Online] E-Law Resources. Available from: https://www.e-lawresources.co.uk/cases/Chapelton-v-Barry.php [Accessed on: 02/05/17] E-Law Resources. (2017b) Addis v Gramophone [1909] AC 488 House of Lords. [Online] E-Law Resources. Available from: https://e-lawresources.co.uk/cases/Addis-v-Gramophone.php [Accessed on: 02/05/17] Find Law. 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